If we are going to be good students of the word of God we must try
the things that differ. Popular Bible teaching today seems to grasp the
concept of salvation by grace alone, but there seems to be a dearth of
teaching on the concept of reward by works. Let’s examine passages that
speak of both, and I think the Scriptures will loudly proclaim the
distinction.
Eternal life is a free gift of God, wrought solely
by the blood of Jesus Christ our Lord. It is by grace alone, and no
works on our part can add or subtract from our perfect standing in
Christ. The believer’s life is hid with Christ in God. (Col. 3:3) No
being in heaven or on earth can touch that life. We are securely in the
Father’s hand.
Once saved, believer is exhorted to walk worthy of
the great gift of salvation that he has received. This added bit is our
works, which in no way impacts our salvation but does have a bearing on
the possibility of reward. Notice, it is just the possibility of
reward, and conversely the possibility of loss of reward. Often, the
Scriptures speak of this as the prize, the crown, or the reward.
Sometimes, a particular promise is given based on a specific act by the
believer. All our works must stand the test of judgment, and there is
the very real possibility of failure and loss. Let’s examine these
passages carefully and search and see if this is so.
Life
The Free Gift
Salvation is a free gift totally irrespective of
our works, and wholly through the perfect sacrifice of the Lamb of God.
(Rom 11:5-6 KJV) "Even so then at this
present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace.
{6} And if by grace, then is it no more of works:
otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then is
it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work."
(Eph 2:8-9 KJV) "For by grace are ye
saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift
of God: {9} Not of works, lest any man should boast."
(Acts 4:12 KJV) "Neither is there
salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven
given among men, whereby we must be saved."
(Acts 16:31 KJV) "And they said, Believe
on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house."
(Rom 3:23-24 KJV) "For all have sinned, and
come short of the glory of God; {24} Being justified freely by
his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus:"
(Rom 4:3-5 KJV) "For what saith the
scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for
righteousness. {4} Now to him that worketh is the
reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt. {5} But to him that
worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith
is counted for righteousness."
(Rom 5:1-2 KJV) "Therefore being
justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus
Christ: {2} By whom also we have access by faith into this
grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God."
(Rom 5:6-8 KJV) "For when we were yet
without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. {7}
For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a
good man some would even dare to die. {8} But God
commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners,
Christ died for us."
Salvation Assured
Our salvation is sure and cannot be revoked
or affected by anyone or anything.
(John 10:27-29 KJV) "My sheep hear my
voice, and I know them, and they follow me: {28} And I give unto
them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any
man pluck them out of my hand. {29} My Father,
which gave them me, is greater than all; and no man is
able to pluck them out of my Father's hand."
(Rom 8:31-34 KJV) "What shall we then say
to these things? If God be for us, who can be against us?
{32} He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us
all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things? {33}
Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It
is God that justifieth. {34} Who is he that condemneth?
It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is
even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us."
(Rom 8: 35, 38) “Who shall separate us
from the love of Christ? ... For I am persuaded that neither death,
nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things
present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other
creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in
Christ Jesus our Lord.”
Perfect Standing in Christ
(Col
1:12-14 KJV) "Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath made us meet
to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light:
{13} Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath
translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: {14} In
whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness
of sins:"
Notice the Father has already made us “meet”
(fully equipped, all sufficient), “to be partakers of the inheritance”
(to have a full share), “of the saints” (with Heaven’s holiest of all-
also used in Heb. 9:8, 12,23), “in the light” (the great light of God
from which all is visible and exposed.) Surely, this can only be by the
over abounding, loving work of our Redeemer to present us so perfectly.
This is pure grace. This spotless presentation and standing is
wonderfully repeated in the following verse as well.
(Col 1:22 KJV) "In the body of his flesh
through death, to present you holy and unblameable and unreproveable
in his sight:"
Reward
Psa 58:11 KJV) "So that a man shall say,
Verily there is a reward for the righteous: verily he is a God
that judgeth in the earth.
(Isa 40:10 KJV) "Behold, the Lord GOD will come with strong
hand, and his arm shall rule for him: behold, his reward is
with him, and his work before him."
(Isa 62:11 KJV) "Behold, the LORD hath
proclaimed unto the end of the world, Say ye to the daughter of Zion,
Behold, thy salvation cometh; behold, his reward is with him,
and his work before him."
(Mat
16:27 KJV) "For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father
with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to his
works."
(2 Cor 5:9-10 KJV) “Wherefore we labour,
that, whether present or absent, we may be accepted of him.{10} For
we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one
may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done,
whether it be good or bad.”
Let’s carefully examine this other side, reward by
works. The first important point is that God graciously accepts our
works done out of our desire for faithful service. There is also such a
great element of His grace and mercy even in this, for what can we do
that is truly worthy, apart from His Holy Spirit operating in us? The
Spiritual side of our nature is also a gift from God upon salvation.
Therefore, the very fact that we can walk in the Spirit at all is also
from Him.
Still, He not only accepts our attempts at truly serving Him, but He
will judge our service and add or take away rewards based on that
service. Because we have a part in this equation, it is by no means a
sure thing. As always with our human frailty, there is the real
possibility of failure.
Beware
As we just saw in the last section, Colossians begins with our
perfect presentation. However, Colossians 1 is not even completed, and
we start to receive warnings about being beguiled of our reward.
(Col 1:28 KJV) "Whom we preach, warning
every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom; that we may present
every man perfect in Christ Jesus:"
(Col 2:6-10 KJV) "As ye have therefore
received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him:
{7} Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye
have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving. {8}
Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain
deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world,
and not after Christ. {9} For in him dwelleth all the fulness of
the Godhead bodily. {10} And ye are complete in him, which is the
head of all principality and power:"
(Col 2:18 KJV) "Let no man beguile you
of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels,
intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by
his fleshly mind,"
What are you going to do?
Notice how passages dealing with reward
always are closely tied to the believer doing something.
Moreover, often there is often a promise of reward, if a person does a
specific thing.
(Col 3:23-25 KJV) "And whatsoever ye do,
do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men; {24}
Knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance:
for ye serve the Lord Christ. {25} But he that doeth wrong shall
receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is no respect of
persons."
(Prov 11:18 KJV) "The wicked worketh a
deceitful work: but to him that soweth righteousness shall be
a sure reward."
(Prov 25:21-22 KJV) "If thine enemy be
hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to
drink: {22} For thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his
head, and the LORD shall reward thee."
Though
not written for our current dispensation, the Sermon on the Mount is
full of specific promises of reward for specific acts of service.
(Matt 5:1-12 KJV)
“And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was
set, his disciples came unto him: 2
And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
3 Blessed are the poor in spirit:
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 4
Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
5 Blessed are the meek: for they
shall inherit the earth. 6
Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for
they shall be filled. 7 Blessed
are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
8 Blessed are the pure in heart:
for they shall see God. 9 Blessed
are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.
10 Blessed are they which are
persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
11 Blessed are ye, when men shall
revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against
you falsely, for my sake. 12 Rejoice,
and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so
persecuted they the prophets which were before you.”
(Mat 5:44-48 KJV) "But I say unto you,
Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate
you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
{45} That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven:
for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth
rain on the just and on the unjust. {46} For if ye love them
which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the
same? {47} And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more
than others? do not even the publicans so? {48} Be ye
therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect."
(Mat 6:1-6 KJV) "Take heed that ye do
not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no
reward of your Father which is in heaven. {2} Therefore when
thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the
hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have
glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. {3}
But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand
doeth: {4} That thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father
which seeth in secret himself shall reward thee openly. {5}
And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are:
for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of
the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you,
They have their reward. {6} But thou, when thou
prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray
to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret
shall reward thee openly."
(Mat 6:16-18 KJV) "Moreover when ye fast,
be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure
their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Verily I say unto
you, They have their reward. {17} But thou, when thou fastest,
anoint thine head, and wash thy face; {18} That thou
appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is in secret: and
thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall reward thee openly."
(Mat 10:40-42 KJV) "He that receiveth you
receiveth me, and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me.
{41} He that receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet
shall receive a prophet's reward; and he that receiveth a righteous man
in the name of a righteous man shall receive a righteous man's reward.
{42} And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones
a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say
unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward."
(Mark 9:41 KJV) "For whosoever shall
give you a cup of water to drink in my name, because ye belong to
Christ, verily I say unto you, he shall not lose his reward."
(Notice that he
won't lose his reward.)
(Luke 6:22-23 KJV) "Blessed are ye, when
men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their
company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as
evil, for the Son of man's sake. {23} Rejoice ye in that day,
and leap for joy: for, behold, your reward is great in heaven:
for in the like manner did their fathers unto the prophets."
(Luke 6:35 KJV) "But love ye your
enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your
reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest:
for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil."
(1 Cor 9:17-18 KJV) "For if I do this thing
willingly, I have a reward: but if against my will, a dispensation of
the gospel is committed unto me. {18} What is my reward then?
Verily that, when I preach the gospel, I may make the gospel of
Christ without charge, that I abuse not my power in the gospel."
(1 Tim 5:18 KJV) "For the scripture saith,
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The
labourer is worthy of his reward.”
(Heb
10:35-36 KJV) "Cast not away therefore your confidence, which hath
great recompense of reward. {36} For ye have need of
patience, that, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the
promise."
(1 Pet 1:16-17 KJV) "Because it is written,
Be ye holy; for I am holy. {17} And if ye call on the Father, who
without respect of persons judgeth according to every man's work, pass
the time of your sojourning here in fear:"
(2 John 1:7-8 KJV) "For many deceivers are
entered into the world, who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the
flesh. This is a deceiver and an antichrist. {8} Look
to yourselves, that we lose not those things which we have wrought, but
that we receive a full reward."
(Rev
11:18 KJV) "And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the
time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest
give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them
that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which
destroy the earth."
(Rev 14:13 KJV) "And I heard a voice from
heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed are the dead which die in
the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest
from their labours; and their works do follow them."
Works that Stand vs. Works that Burn
There is an old saying that states much fact:
“One life and soon it is past, but only what’s done for Christ will
last.” Our works will be judged by fire, and only works wrought in
faith have the possibility of reward, for “without faith it is
impossible to please Him.” These next verses address this directly.
(1 Cor 3:8-15 KJV) "Now he that planteth and
he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward
according to his own labour. {9} For we are labourers
together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building.
{10} According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise
masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon.
But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. {11}
For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus
Christ. {12} Now if any man build upon this foundation gold,
silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble; {13} Every man's
work shall be made manifest: for the day shall declare it, because it
shall be revealed by fire; and the fire shall try every man's work of
what sort it is. {14} If any man's work abide which he hath built
thereupon, he shall receive a reward. {15} If any man's work
shall be burned, he shall suffer loss: but he himself shall be saved;
yet so as by fire."
Notice that the believer’s life is
untouched, but he gains or suffers loss of reward based on the
foundation of his labors. The principle of perfection (going on to
completion) versus perdition (suffering waste or loss) is the theme of
the book of Hebrews. Chapters 11 and 12 are a wonderful parade of
examples, climaxing in the perfect faithful service of the Lord Himself.
Here are just a few of the examples that speak specifically of the
reward in view.
(Heb 11:4-6 KJV) "By faith Abel
offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain, by which he
obtained witness that he was righteous, God testifying of his
gifts: and by it he being dead yet speaketh. {5} By faith
Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not
found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had
this testimony, that he pleased God. {6} But
without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that
cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder
of them that diligently seek him."
(Heb 11:24-26 KJV) "By faith Moses,
when he was come to years, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh's
daughter; {25} Choosing rather to suffer affliction with the
people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season; {26}
Esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures
in Egypt: for he had respect unto the recompense of the reward."
(Heb 12:1-2 KJV) "Wherefore seeing we also
are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay
aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us,
and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, {2}
Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith;
who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the
shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God.”
The Crown and Reigning with Him
I
frequently hear people talk about all of us wearing a crown and reigning
with Christ, however, does Scripture say that all believers do so? No
indeed, this is a special reward tied to specific worthy service. Also,
notice crowns are called by different names: crown of life, crown of
glory, and crown of righteousness. Does that mean that there are many
types of crowns possible? Can one person earn more than one crown? It
would seem so. Moreover, Paul sometimes uses the term prize. Is there a
distinction? In 1 Cor. 9: 24-27, Paul uses the terms interchangeably,
but no matter what the case, it is all definitely tied directly to
service.
(James 1:12 KJV) "Blessed is the
man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he shall receive the
crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that love him."
(1 Pet 5:1-4 KJV) "The elders which are
among you I exhort, who am also an elder, and a witness of the
sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that shall be
revealed: {2} Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking
the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for
filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; {3} Neither as being lords
over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock. {4}
And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of
glory that fadeth not away."
(Rev
2:10 KJV) "Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer:
behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may
be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto
death, and I will give thee a crown of life."
(Rev 2:26 KJV) "And he that overcometh,
and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the
nations:"
(Rev 3:10-12 KJV) "Because thou hast kept
the word of my patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of
temptation, which shall come upon all the world, to try them that dwell
upon the earth. {11} Behold, I come quickly: hold that
fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown. {12}
Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my
God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of
my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new
Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will
write upon him my new name."
(Rom 8:16-18 KJV) "The Spirit itself
beareth witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God: {17}
And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs
with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be
also glorified together. {18} For I reckon that the
sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared
with the glory which shall be revealed in us."
Notice here, if you are saved, then you are
a child of God and an heir of God; however, you are only a joint-heir
with Christ if you suffer with Him, or in other words suffer for His
name’s sake. This is repeated in the next verse from 2 Timothy 2:11-12.
(2 Tim 2:11-12 KJV) "It is a
faithful saying: For if we be dead with him, we shall also
live with him: {12} If we suffer, we shall also reign with
him: if we deny him, he also will deny us:"
Striving for the Prize
The metaphor of the striving for the prize
being likened to a race or a fight or a journey is very typical of
Paul’s teaching on this. It is also abundantly clear from these next
passages that attaining that prize is by no means assured.
(1 Cor 9:24-27 KJV) "Know ye not that
they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run,
that ye may obtain. {25} And every man that striveth for the
mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a
corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible. {26} I
therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one that
beateth the air: {27} But I keep under my body, and bring it
into subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to
others, I myself should be a castaway."
When
Paul says “I keep under my body,” the original literally means, “I
blacken my own eye and keep my body under bondage.” Paul understood, as
we should also that the biggest obstacle to winning the prize is
ourselves! Paul also says “lest I be a castaway.” This phrase
literally means lest he be disqualified. Disqualified from life?
Unthinkable! No, as the context demands, disqualified from the prize.
Paul repeats much the same lesson in the following passage from Phil. 3.
(Phil
3:8-21 KJV) "Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for
the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have
suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that
I may win Christ, {9} And be found in him, not having mine own
righteousness, which is of the law, but that which is through the faith
of Christ, the righteousness which is of God by faith: {10}
That I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the
fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable unto his death;
{11} If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection
of the dead. {12} Not as though I had already attained, either
were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that
for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus. {13}
Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this
one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and
reaching forth unto those things which are before, {14}
I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in
Christ Jesus. {15} Let us therefore, as many as be perfect,
be thus minded: and if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall
reveal even this unto you. {16} Nevertheless, whereto
we have already attained, let us walk by the same rule, let us mind the
same thing. {17} Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark
them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. {18} (For many
walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you even weeping,
that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ: {19}
Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly,
and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.)
{20} For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for
the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: {21} Who shall change our
vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body,
according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things
unto himself."
There are several key points in that passage.
First, in verse 9, Paul makes it clear that all righteousness is found
in Christ alone; and in terms of salvation all works are dung in that
light. But in verse 10, he again brings up the point of suffering for
Christ being tied to a prize. The specific prize in view is “if by any
means I might attain unto the resurrection from the dead.” Surely, this
cannot mean the hope of resurrection unto eternal life, which is the
sure promise of salvation. Indeed, this is not the case. The words in
the original are that he might attain the “ekanastasis ek nekron,” the
out-resurrection out from among the dead.”
Christ uses this expression of Himself in Mark 9:9-10, when He says
He will arise “out from among the dead.” Upon hearing this, the
disciples questioned among themselves what rising out from among the
dead should mean. Obviously, this expression was distinct from the
common Jewish belief which Mary, the sister of Lazarus, expressed when
she told the Lord, “I know he shall rise again in the resurrection at
the last day. (John 11:24) When did Christ arise? Of course, He arose
out from among the dead three days after His death. The “ekanastasis”
also occurs in Luke 20:35, again in the contest of reward for specific
service.
“They which are found worthy to obtain
that world and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry nor
are given in marriage.” (Luke 20:35)
Therefore, Paul is pressing toward a prize of
an earlier or somehow better resurrection. Remember, this idea of
earning a better resurrection also occurs in another important book of
service, the book of Hebrews.
“Women received their dead raised to life
again: and others were tortured, not accepting deliverance that they
might attain a better resurrection.” (Heb 11:35)
Finally, Paul finishes this discourse in Phil
3 by speaking sorrowfully of others who minded earthly things, got off
track and whose end is destruction, literally perdition or waste. In
other words, their walk was such that they were actually enemies of the
cross and will suffer loss; but the context leaves the very real
possibility that it is believers, who are being spoken of, not
unbelievers.
Paul did not feel assured of earning the
crown until he arrived at the very last of his life and was about to be
martyred. If that is the case with perhaps the Lord’s most ardent
servant ever, how can we speak with surety about earning the crown or
prize in our walk? It is clearer to me all the time why Philippians 2:12
says to “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.”
(2 Tim 4:6-8 KJV) "For I am now ready to
be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. {7} I have
fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the
faith: {8} Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of
righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at
that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his
appearing."
Conclusion
Blessed be the Lord God Almighty, who by His
grace alone saves us completely and presents us without spot or blemish
or any such thing. Yet praise be His name even more, because he
graciously accepts and judges our walk, and gives the possibility for
even further blessings of rewards for faithful service. Truly, He gives
exceeding abundantly beyond anything that we can ask or think. May we
walk worthy of such a high calling and such exceeding grace in our lives
through Jesus Christ our Lord.
(Rev 22:12 KJV) "And, behold, I come
quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as
his work shall be."
